Introduction: Thoracolumbar burst fractures are characterized by vertebral body compression and fragmentation, often resulting from high-energy trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or falls from heights.Objective: The main objective of the study is to find the outcome of long-segment versus short-segment pedicle screw fixation for the management of unstable thoracolumbar burst fractures.Methodology: This retrospective study comprised 73 patients diagnosed with unstable thoracolumbar burst fractures who underwent surgical treatment.Data were collected from patient medical records, including demographics, mechanism of injury, fracture level, neurological status, and details of the surgical procedure. Postoperative radiographic and clinical outcomes were analyzed to assess the effectiveness of each fixation technique. Results: The majority were male (63%), and the most common injury mechanism was motor vehicle accidents (52.1%), followed by falls from height (39.7%). Fractures predominantly occurred at the L1–L2 level (69.9%). Nearly half of the patients (46.6%) presented with neurological deficits at baseline, and both groups had comparable preoperative kyphotic angles and vertebral height losses, averaging 24.5° and 45.5%, respectively. Kyphotic angle correction was better maintained in Group A, with a final follow-up angle of 8° and a 3° loss of correction, while Group B showed a greater loss of 6°, resulting in a final angle of 13°. Vertebral body height also remained more stable in Group A, with a final follow-up height of 85% compared to 78% in Group B.Conclusion: It is concluded that long-segment pedicle screw fixation offers superior stability, fewer hardware complications, and better functional outcomes compared to short-segment fixation for managing unstable thoracolumbar burst fractures