Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a multisystem metabolic disorder that can be influenced by various anesthetic techniques. Both general and regional anesthesia can modify residual insulin secretion and catabolic hormone levels. This study aims to compare and determine the perioperative and postoperative changes in blood glucose, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain scores among diabetic patients undergoing surgery with either regional or general anesthesia. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 123 diabetic patients who underwent surgeries with either general or regional anesthesia. The patients were divided into two groups based on the type of anesthesia received. Data on blood glucose levels, BP, and HR were retrieved and analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed to assess the significance of differences between the two groups. Results: The study found that post-surgery blood glucose levels were higher compared to pre-surgery levels in both anesthesia groups. During surgery, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and HR decreased compared to pre-surgery levels in both groups. Post-surgery SBP under regional anesthesia remained the same as the pre-surgery level. The VAS pain score increased immediately after surgery in the general anesthesia group, whereas it increased after the 3rd or 4th hour post-surgery in the regional anesthesia group. Conclusion: The study concludes that patients with diabetes exhibit pronounced fluctuations in intraoperative blood glucose levels, along with notable alterations in BP and HR when subjected to either general or regional anesthesia. These physiological changes underscore the need for meticulous perioperative monitoring and management of diabetic patients to mitigate potential complications and ensure optimal surgical outcomes.