Background: This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of root canal treatment and extraction of extremely carious tooth in a known population. Material and methods: This study comprised of 100 subjects aged between 25-50 years. The mean age of the subjects was 35.2 years. The subjects had been informed about the procedure and were asked to give consent. Those who were willing to participate and give consent were included in the study whereas those who didn’t want to give consent and didn’t want to participate had been excluded. Intraoral examination was carried out in each individual. It was seen that 50 subjects had grossly carious teeth while 50 subjects had good oral health and hence, the subjects were divided into two groups namely the control group (group 1) and caries group (group 2). Treatment plan was different for different kind of teeth. The teeth in which almost no crown was left had been chosen for extraction. The teeth in which crown structure was present had been selected for root canal treatment. The number of subjects who underwent root canal treatment and those who underwent extraction had been noted. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software. Results: In group 1 there were 50 controls and in group 2, 50 subjects had grossly carious teeth. 26 subjects belonged to the age group of 25-30 years, 23 subjects belonged to the age group of 31-35 years, 19 subjects belonged to the age group of 36-40 years, 18 subjects belonged to the age group of 41-45 years and 14 subjects belonged to the age group of 46-50 years. Among 11 (22%) subjects, extraction was carried out because in the teeth of these 11 subjects, the crown structure was completely absent and only root stumps were evident and root canal treatment could not be conducted, while in 39 (78%) subjects, root canal treatment was conducted because a good amount of crown structure had not been damaged and the subjects were willing to get the tooth conserved rather than getting it extracted. Hence, root canal treatment was conducted in these 39 subjects. Conclusion: In this study it was seen that in most of the cases, root canal treatment was done while extraction was done in lesser number of cases.