Aim: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, types, and severity of anemia in the pediatric population and analyze the associated hematological parameters to identify risk factors for anemia in children aged 1 to 12 years. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the pediatric outpatient and inpatient departments of a tertiary care hospital over six months, involving 100 children aged 1 to 12 years. Data collection included demographic information, clinical assessment, and laboratory investigations, focusing on complete blood count (CBC) parameters. Anemia was classified into microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic types based on mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and categorized by severity into mild, moderate, or severe anemia. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, t-tests, and logistic regression to determine significant predictors of anemia. Results: The study revealed that 60% of the children were diagnosed with anemia, with microcytic anemia being the most prevalent type (58.3%), followed by normocytic (30%) and macrocytic anemia (11.7%). Moderate anemia was the most common severity level (46.7%), while severe anemia affected 20% of the anemic children. Anemic children had significantly lower mean hemoglobin levels (9.5 ± 1.2 g/dL) compared to non-anemic children (12.8 ± 1.1 g/dL) and lower hematocrit levels (30.2 ± 3.5% vs. 37.8 ± 3.0%). Logistic regression identified underweight status and prolonged symptom duration as significant predictors of anemia. Conclusion: The high prevalence of microcytic anemia in the pediatric population underscores the need for focused nutritional interventions to address iron deficiency. Early detection and management of moderate and severe anemia are crucial to prevent long-term health complications in children. Nutritional status and prolonged symptoms were identified as key risk factors for developing anemia, emphasizing the importance of targeted strategies in pediatric healthcare.