Background: This study aims to uncover the relationship between adjustment disorder and resilience, a critical factor in understanding residents' ability to cope with stress. This study fills a gap in data regarding the prevalence of adjustment disorder in this population. Objective: This cross-sectional observational study explores the correlation between adjustment disorder and resilience among postgraduate medical residents in Maharashtra, India. Additionally, it investigates factors associated with adjustment disorder. Methods: This study involved 106 subjects (44 females and 62 males). Screening for adjustment disorder utilized the adjustment disorder-New Module scale, while resilience was assessed with the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale. Results: The study revealed a significant negative correlation between adjustment disorder and resilience parameters, including flexibility, self-efficacy, regulate emotion, optimism, and cognitive focus under stress (P-value<0.05). These findings highlight the intricate relationship between mental health challenges and resilience among postgraduate medical residents in Marathwada, Maharashtra. Conclusion: The high prevalence of adjustment disorder underscores the urgency of mental well-being interventions. The identified correlation emphasizes the potential benefits of tailored resilience-building programs for medical residents.