Background: Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the pathogenesis and progression of cervical cancer. This study investigates the levels of oxidative stress markers in cervical cancer patients compared to healthy controls and examines their association with disease severity. Methods: A total of 128 participants, including 100 cervical cancer patients and 28 healthy controls, were enrolled. The study analyzed serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated as the TOS to TAS ratio. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on FIGO stages and histological grades. Results: Cervical cancer patients exhibited significantly higher levels of MDA (3.80 ± 0.60 nmol/mL), TOS (7.60 ± 1.20 µmol/L), and OSI (5.85 ± 0.75) compared to controls (MDA: 2.50 ± 0.20 nmol/mL; TOS: 5.20 ± 0.40 µmol/L; OSI: 3.42 ± 0.24). Conversely, TAS (1.30 ± 0.20 mmol/L) and GPx (4.12 ± 0.50 U/mL) were significantly lower in cervical cancer patients compared to controls (TAS: 1.52 ± 0.12 mmol/L; GPx: 5.00 ± 0.30 U/mL). Subgroup analyses revealed progressive increases in MDA and TOS levels and decreases in TAS and GPx levels with advancing FIGO stages and higher histological grades. MDA, TOS, and OSI showed strong positive correlations with FIGO stages, while TAS and GPx demonstrated strong negative correlations. Multivariate analysis confirmed the significant associations between FIGO stage and oxidative stress markers. Conclusion: This study highlights the elevated oxidative stress and compromised antioxidant defense in cervical cancer patients, underscoring the critical role of oxidative stress in disease progression. The findings suggest that oxidative stress markers, including MDA, TOS, TAS, and GPx, could serve as potential indicators of disease severity and progression. Further research is warranted to explore the therapeutic potential of targeting oxidative stress in cervical cancer management.