Background: Oral aphthous ulcers, commonly known as canker sores, are painful lesions that can significantly impact a patient's quality of life. Various treatments are available, including 2% curcumin gel and 0.1% triamcinolone oral paste. This retrospective study aims to compare the efficacy of these two treatments in reducing pain scores and ulcer size. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 70 patients with oral aphthous ulcers treated at a dental clinic in Darbhanga over an 18-month period. Patients were divided into two groups: Group A (n=35) received 2% curcumin gel, while Group B (n=35) received 0.1% triamcinolone oral paste. Pain scores were recorded using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at baseline, day 3, and day 7. Ulcer size was measured at the same time points using a digital caliper. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and ANOVA to determine the significance of changes in pain scores and ulcer sizes within and between groups. Results: The mean baseline pain score for Group A was 7.2±1.5, which decreased to 3.8±1.2 on day 3 and 1.5±0.8 on day 7. Group B had a mean baseline pain score of 7.5±1.4, which reduced to 3.2±1.1 on day 3 and 1.2±0.7 on day 7. The mean ulcer size for Group A was 5.2±0.9 mm at baseline, 3.5±0.7 mm on day 3, and 1.8±0.5 mm on day 7. For Group B, the mean ulcer size was 5.0±0.8 mm at baseline, 3.0±0.6 mm on day 3, and 1.5±0.4 mm on day 7. Both treatments significantly reduced pain scores and ulcer sizes (p<0.05). However, Group B showed a slightly faster reduction in both parameters compared to Group A. Conclusion: Both 2% curcumin gel and 0.1% triamcinolone oral paste are effective in reducing pain and ulcer size in patients with oral aphthous ulcers. Triamcinolone paste showed a slightly faster reduction in pain and ulcer size compared to curcumin gel. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.