In tertiary care hospitals of Madhya Pradesh, despite declining HIV prevalence, co-infections like Hepatitis B (HBV) pose a challenge. Examining 445 HIV-positive patients over a year, researchers identified 1.8% co-infection rate with HBV, lower than global estimates and previous Indian studies. This highlights the need for regular HBV screening in high-risk groups and careful vaccination strategies. While the study's prevalence was lower than expected, managing co-infected individuals remains complex.