Microplastics, defined as plastic particles smaller than 5mm, have emerged as a significant environmental and public health concern. With their widespread presence in food, water, air, and consumer products, human exposure to microplastics is unavoidable. This systematic review examines the potential health impacts of microplastic exposure, focusing on ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption pathways. The review synthesizes evidence from epidemiological studies, in vivo and in vitro research, and highlights the biological effects of microplastics, including inflammation, oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, endocrine disruption, and their potential role in chronic diseases. Additionally, we discuss current knowledge gaps and the need for standardized risk assessment methodologies to better understand the long-term implications of microplastic exposure on human health.