Aim: This study aims to compare the impact of Propofol and Sevoflurane anesthesia on oxidative stress markers and pathological changes in renal tissue in patients undergoing elective surgery. Materials and Methods: This prospective, randomized clinical study included 80 adult patients (ASA I-II) scheduled for non-renal surgeries lasting at least 90 minutes. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups: Propofol (Group P, n=40) and Sevoflurane (Group S, n=40). Oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were measured at baseline (T0), end of surgery (T1), and 24 hours postoperatively (T2). Renal function was assessed using serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) at preoperative, 24-hour, and 48-hour time points. Histopathological analysis of renal tissue was performed in a subset of patients. Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups. At T1 and T2, MDA levels were significantly higher in the Sevoflurane group (p=0.02, p=0.04), while SOD levels were lower (p=0.01, p=0.03), indicating greater oxidative stress. Serum creatinine and BUN levels were significantly elevated in the Sevoflurane group at 24 and 48 hours postoperatively (p<0.05). NGAL levels were also significantly higher in the Sevoflurane group at both postoperative time points (p=0.01, p=0.02). Histopathological analysis showed greater tubular injury, glomerular changes, and inflammatory infiltration in the Sevoflurane group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Sevoflurane anesthesia is associated with increased oxidative stress, higher renal injury markers, and greater histopathological damage compared to Propofol. Propofol appears to have renal-protective effects, likely due to its antioxidant properties. These findings suggest that anesthetic selection should consider potential renal implications, particularly in high-risk patients.